作者:Jonathan I Bisso 2015-05-24
摘 要
心理困扰常常伴随着极端的应激源(如有心理创伤可能的事件)出现,虽然短暂,但极少数人却是个事儿。更典型的反应包括创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)、抑郁症、焦虑症和物质滥用等精神障碍。进行早期干预以防止这些障碍发展的努力,结果很不给力。于是,问题来了:如何最好地响应那些受创伤性事件影响者的社会心理需求?江湖中一直争论不休。
系统综述显示,没有任何可信证据表明,对刚刚卷入创伤性事件的人群进行直接的社会心理干预,可以减轻心理健康症状1。这个结论对于一次的心理干预如个体心理晤谈2,或基于认知行为治疗的多次干预也是如此3。值得庆幸的是,对于急性应激障碍或急性创伤后应激障碍的个体,聚焦创伤的认知行为治疗的疗效,还比较乐观4。因此,建议将聚焦创伤的认知行为治疗应用于达到相应诊断的个体1。
基于现有的研究,可以说,除非个体发展到可以诊断的情形,否则不应进行正式的干预。然而,选择什么都不做,对于创伤事件后已经发展为PTSD的人们来说,出现缺乏社会支持感的风险增加5,6,许多技术指南反对在创伤性事件刚发生后的“不作为”,主张以支持和共情的方式提供支持性的、实际的务实投入,但要避免正式临床干预1,7,8。相对于那些正式的经过随机对照试验的早期干预治疗,这些方法并不是心理治疗方法,而是使用满足人们社会基本需求的关键性要素如住房,收入和饮食营养的一种社会心理学方法。
在心理急救(PFA)这个术语已渐渐为人们所熟知的同时9,这些方法已被重点倡导多年。最近,在美国创伤后应激障碍中心(NC-PTSD)的工作推动下,PFA已发展成为一种特定的心理干预方法。PFA日益流行并被越来越多地使用和推崇1。有关使用个体心理晤谈的警告,以及早期干预的证据缺乏1,使得PFA日益普及。然而,PFA这个术语,像其他术语如心理咨询和晤谈一样,常被用作概括描述一系列不同的方法,并得益于更加正式的定义。
美国创伤后应激障碍中心(NC-PTSD)定义PFA为:“是一种以证据为导向的、模式化的协助人们在灾难和恐怖主义事件的直接后果中减轻初期的痛苦,提高短期和长期的适应性能力的方法。”
北约的有关灾害和重大事故受助者社会心理指南定义PFA为:“不是一种单一的干预或治疗方法,而是包括若干要素的方法,用以响应遭受重大事故或灾害的人们的心理需求”。
人道主义《环球手册》定义PFA为:“一种基础的,非侵入式的实效心理援助,重点在于:倾听但不强迫对方讲;评估并并满足基本需求;鼓励但不强迫重要他人的陪伴;避免更多伤害。”
国际机构间常设委员会(IASC)定义PFA为:“......通常被误解为一种临床或紧急情况下的精神卫生干预。相反,它是对正在遭受创伤并可能需要支持的人类同伴提供的人道主义支持响应。心理急救(PFA)和心理晤谈完全不同,因为它无卷入对引发痛苦的危机事件的讨论。”
英美联合专家组,北约(NATO),国际机构间常设委员会(IASC)在表1中逐项列举心理急救(PFA)主要组成要素见表1。
表 1: 心理急救组成要素
PFA一直被描述为一个循证的方法,但其有效性还没接受过正式的系统综述。为解决此问题,世界卫生组织委托我们进行系统综述,以确认当前的证据基础。由于我们未知PFA的任何随机对照试验,因而我们以包含其有效性研究的所有数据为综述范围。我们还对创伤后应激障碍和抑郁症的预测因子进行了系统的审查,以确定是否还有其他潜在的有效的研究数据可供使用。
作者:Jonathan I Bisson, Catrin Lewis
翻译:蔡芳
校对:程思、隋双戈
【拓展阅读】
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本文英文原文全文网址:
Systematic Review of Psychological First Aid – 31 July 2009
http://mhpss.net/?get=178/1350270188-PFASystematicReviewBissonCatrin.pdf
编辑:王锐
来源:春风心理应激干预